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Biophys J, August 1998, p. 612-634, Vol. 75, No. 2
College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
Three-dimensional structures of the transmembrane, seven
-helical domains and extracellular loops of
, µ, and
opioid
receptors, were calculated using the distance geometry algorithm, with
hydrogen bonding constraints based on the previously developed general model of the transmembrane
-bundle for rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptors (Biophys. J. 1997. 70:1963). Each
calculated opioid receptor structure has an extensive network of
interhelical hydrogen bonds and a ligand-binding crevice that is
partially covered by a
-hairpin formed by the second extracellular
loop. The binding cavities consist of an inner "conserved region"
composed of 18 residues that are identical in
, µ, and
opioid
receptors, and a peripheral "variable region," composed of 19 residues that are different in
, µ, and
subtypes and are
responsible for the subtype specificity of various ligands. Sixteen
-, µ-, or
-selective, conformationally constrained peptide and
nonpeptide opioid agonists and antagonists and affinity labels were fit
into the binding pockets of the opioid receptors. All ligands
considered have a similar spatial arrangement in the receptors, with
the tyramine moiety of alkaloids or Tyr1 of opioid peptides
interacting with conserved residues in the bottom of the pocket and the
tyramine N+ and OH groups forming ionic interactions or
H-bonds with a conserved aspartate from helix III and a conserved
histidine from helix VI, respectively. The central, conformationally
constrained fragments of the opioids (the disulfide-bridged cycles of
the peptides and various ring structures in the nonpeptide ligands) are
oriented approximately perpendicular to the tyramine and directed
toward the extracellular surface. The results obtained are
qualitatively consistent with ligand affinities, cross-linking studies,
and mutagenesis data.
Biophys J, August 1998, p. 612-634, Vol. 75, No. 2
© 1998 by the Biophysical Society 0006-3495/98/08/612/23 $2.00
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