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Biophys J, August 2000, p. 656-669, Vol. 79, No. 2
Département de Biologie et Pharmacologie Structurales, UMR 8532 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
DNA bending is assumed to play a crucial role during
recognition of the cAMP-responsive element (CRE) by transcription
factors. However, diverging results have been obtained for the bending direction of the unbound double helix. The refined NMR structures present a bend directed toward the minor groove, while biochemical methods conclude that there is a bend toward the major groove. The
present 10-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of
d(GAGATGACGTCATCTC)2, which contains the octamer CRE in its
center, was carried out with AMBER in explicit water and counterions.
It shows that CRE is a flexible segment, although it is bent slightly
toward the major groove (7°-8°) on the average. The MD structure
agrees with both the biochemical results and unrefined NMR data. The
divergence with the NMR refined structures suggests an improper
electrostatic parameterization in the refinement software. The
malleability of the central CpG is certainly the major contribution to
the curving of the whole CRE segment in both the unbound and bound states. Comparison with the crystal structure of CRE bound to GCN4
shows that the deformation induced by the protein is concentrated mainly on the CpG step, rendering the bound structure of CRE closer to
the structure of the 12-0 tetradecanoylphorbol-
-acetate-responsive element.
Biophys J, August 2000, p. 656-669, Vol. 79, No. 2
© 2000 by the Biophysical Society 0006-3495/00/08/656/14 $2.00
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