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Biophys J, August 2002, p. 858-879, Vol. 83, No. 2
The Bone and Mineral Centre, The Rayne Institute, Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
Many organs adapt to their mechanical environment as a
result of physiological change or disease. Cells are both the detectors and effectors of this process. Though many studies have been performed in vitro to investigate the mechanisms of detection and adaptation to
mechanical strains, the cellular strains remain unknown and results
from different stimulation techniques cannot be compared. By combining
experimental determination of cell profiles and elasticities by atomic
force microscopy with finite element modeling and computational fluid
dynamics, we report the cellular strain distributions exerted by common
whole-cell straining techniques and from micromanipulation techniques,
hence enabling their comparison. Using data from our own analyses and
experiments performed by others, we examine the threshold of activation
for different signal transduction processes and the strain components
that they may detect. We show that modulating cell elasticity, by
increasing the F-actin content of the cytoskeleton, or cellular Poisson
ratio are good strategies to resist fluid shear or hydrostatic
pressure. We report that stray fluid flow in some substrate-stretch
systems elicits significant cellular strains. In conclusion, this
technique shows promise in furthering our understanding of the
interplay among mechanical forces, strain detection, gene expression,
and cellular adaptation in physiology and disease.
Biophys J, August 2002, p. 858-879, Vol. 83, No. 2
© 2002 by the Biophysical Society 0006-3495/02/08/858/22 $2.00
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