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Novel Spectroscopic Technique for In Situ Monitoring of Collagen Fibril Alignment in Gels

University College London, Tissue Repair and Engineering Centre, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Campus, Stanmore HA7 4LP, United Kingdom

Correspondence: Address reprint requests to Robert A. Brown, Tel.: 44-208-909-5845; Fax: 44-208-954-8560; E-mail: rehkrab{at}ucl.ac.uk.

Development of collagen fibril alignment in contracting fibroblast-populated and externally tensioned acellular collagen gels was studied using elastic scattering spectroscopy. Spectra of the backscattered light (320–860 nm) were acquired with a 2.75-mm source-detector separation probe placed perpendicular to the gel surface and rotated to achieve different angles to the collagen fibril alignment. Backscatter was isotropic for noncontracted/unloaded gels (disorganized matrix). As gels were contracted/externally loaded (collagen alignment developed), anisotropy of backscatter increased: more backscatter was detected perpendicular than parallel to the direction of the fibril alignment. An "anisotropy factor" (AF) was calculated to characterize this effect as the ratio of backscatter intensities at orthogonal positions. Before contraction (or zero strain) the AF was close to unity at all wavelengths. In contrast, at 72 h, backscatter anisotropy varied from AF_400nm = 2.14 ± 0.29 to AF_700nm = 3.04 ± 0.48. It also increased over threefold up to a strain of 20%. The AF strongly correlated with the contraction time/strain. Different directions of the backscatter were detected in gel zones with known differences in the matrix alignment. Thus, backscatter anisotropy allows in situ nondestructive determination of collagen fibril alignment and quantitative monitoring of its development.