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Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies and Modeling of Eudistylia vancouverii Chlorocruorin and Macrobdella decora Hemoglobin

Angelika Krebs ^*, Helmut Durchschlag  and Peter Zipper 

^* Structural and Computational Biology Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Germany; and Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria

Correspondence: Address reprint requests to Dr. Angelika Krebs, Structural and Computational Biology Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Tel.: 49-6221-387256; Fax: 49-6221-387306; E-mail: krebs{at}embl-heidelberg.de.

Annelids possess giant extracellular oxygen carriers that exhibit a hexagonal bilayer appearance and have molecular masses of 3.5 MDa. By small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), Eudistylia vancouverii chlorocruorin and Macrobdella decora hemoglobin were investigated in solution. On the basis of the experimental SAXS data, three-dimensional models were established in a two-step approach (trial and error and averaging). The main differences between the complexes concern the structure of their central part and the subunit architecture. Usage of our SAXS models as templates for automated model generation (program DAMMIN) led to refined models that fit perfectly the experimental data. Special attention was paid to the inhomogeneous density distribution observed within the complexes. DAMMIN models without a priori information could not reproducibly locate low-density areas. The usage of templates, however, improved the results considerably, in particular by applying electron microscopy-based templates. Biologically relevant information on the presence of low-density areas and hints for their presumable location could be drawn from SAXS and sophisticated modeling approaches. Provided that different models are analyzed carefully, this obviously opens a way to gain additional biologically relevant structural information from SAXS data.