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* Laboratory of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, FI-02015 HUT, Finland; and Wihuri Research Institute, FI-00140 Helsinki, Finland
Correspondence: Address reprint requests to Perttu Niemelä, E-mail: psn{at}fyslab.hut.fi.
Sphingomyelin, one of the main lipid components of biological membranes, is actively involved in various cellular processes such as protein trafficking and signal transduction. In particular, specific lateral domains enriched in sphingomyelin and cholesterol have been proposed to play an important functional role in biomembranes, although their precise characteristics have remained unclear. A thorough understanding of the functional role of membranes requires detailed knowledge of their individual lipid components. Here, we employ molecular dynamics simulations to conduct a systematic comparison of a palmitoylsphingomyelin (PSM, 16:0-SM) bilayer with a membrane that comprises dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) above the main phase transition temperature. We clarify atomic-scale properties that are specific to sphingomyelin due to its sphingosine moiety, and further discuss their implications for SM-rich membranes. We find that PSM bilayers, and in particular the dynamics of PSM systems, are distinctly different from those of a DPPC bilayer. When compared with DPPC, the strong hydrogen bonding properties characteristic to PSM are observed to lead to considerable structural changes in the polar headgroup and interface regions. The strong ordering of PSM acyl chains and specific ordering effects in the vicinity of a PSM-water interface reflect this issue clearly. The sphingosine moiety and related hydrogen bonding further play a crucial role in the dynamics of PSM bilayers, as most dynamic properties, such as lateral and rotational diffusion, are strongly suppressed. This is most evident in the rotational motion characterized by spin-lattice relaxation times and the decay of hydrogen bond autocorrelation functions that are expected to be important in complexation of SM with other lipids in many-component bilayers. A thorough understanding of SM bilayers would greatly benefit from nuclear magnetic resonance experiments for acyl chain ordering and dynamics, allowing full comparison of these simulations to experiments.
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