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* Department of Physiology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, EA3212, Université de Caen, 14032 Caen, France
Correspondence: Address reprint requests to Dr. Fabien Brette, Dept. of Physiology, Medical Sciences Bldg., University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Tel.: 44-117-331-7585; Fax: 44-117-331-7585; E-mail: f.brette{at}bristol.ac.uk.
The action potential of cardiac ventricular myocytes is characterized by its long duration, mainly due to Ca flux through L-type Ca channels. Ca entry also serves to trigger the release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cell membrane invaginations called transverse (T)-tubules in determining Ca influx and action potential duration in cardiac ventricular myocytes. We used the whole cell patch clamp technique to record electrophysiological activity in intact rat ventricular myocytes (i.e., from the T-tubules and surface sarcolemma) and in detubulated myocytes (i.e., from the surface sarcolemma only). Action potentials were significantly shorter in detubulated cells than in control cells. In contrast, resting membrane potential and action potential amplitude were similar in control and detubulated myocytes. Experiments under voltage clamp using action potential waveforms were used to quantify Ca entry via the Ca current. Ca entry after detubulation was reduced by 
60%, a value similar to the decrease in action potential duration. We calculated that Ca influx at the T-tubules is 1.3 times that at the cell surface (4.9 vs. 3.8 µmol/L cytosol, respectively) during a square voltage clamp pulse. In contrast, during a cardiac action potential, Ca entry at the T-tubules is 2.2 times that at the cell surface (3.0 vs. 1.4 µmol/L cytosol, respectively). However, more Ca entry occurs per µm2 of junctional membrane at the cell surface than in the T-tubules (in nM/µm2: 1.43 vs. 1.06 during a cardiac action potential). This difference is unlikely to be due to a difference in the number of Ca channels/junction at each site because we estimate that the same number of Ca channels is present at cell surface and T-tubule junctions (35). This study provides the first evidence that the T-tubules are a key site for the regulation of action potential duration in ventricular cardiac myocytes. Our data also provide the first direct measurements of T-tubular Ca influx, which are consistent with the idea that cardiac excitation-contraction coupling largely occurs at the T-tubule dyadic clefts.
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