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Lateral Nanomechanics of Cartilage Aggrecan Macromolecules

Lin Han ^*, Delphine Dean , Christine Ortiz ^* and Alan J. Grodzinsky   

^* Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Correspondence: Address reprint requests to Alan J. Grodzinsky, Tel.: 617-253-4969; E-mail: alg{at}mit.edu.

To explore the role of the brush-like proteoglycan, aggrecan, in the shear behavior of cartilage tissue, we measured the lateral resistance to deformation of a monolayer of chemically end-attached cartilage aggrecan on a microcontact printed surface in aqueous NaCl solutions via lateral force microscopy. The effects of bath ionic strength (IS, 0.001–1.0 M) and lateral displacement rate (1–100 µm/s) were studied using probe tips functionalized with neutral hydroxyl-terminated self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers. Probe tips having two different end-radii (R 50 nm and 2.5 µm) enabled access to different length-scales of interactions (nano and micro). The measured lateral force was observed to depend linearly on the applied normal force, and the lateral force to normal force proportionality constant, µ, was calculated. The value µ increased (from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.11 ± 0.01) with increasing bath IS (0.001–1.0 M) for experiments using the microsized tip due to the larger compressive strain of aggrecan that resulted from increased IS at constant compressive force. With the nanosized tip, µ also increased with IS but by a smaller amount due to the fewer number of aggrecan involved in shear deformation. The variations in lateral force as a function of applied compressive strain _n and changes in bath IS suggested that both electrostatic and nonelectrostatic interactions contributed significantly to the shear deformational behavior of the aggrecan layers. While lateral force did not vary with lateral displacement rate at low IS, where elastic-like electrostatic interactions between aggrecan dominated, lateral force increased significantly with displacement rate at physiological and higher IS, suggestive of additional viscoelastic and/or poroelastic interactions within the aggrecan layer. These data provide insights into molecular-level deformation of aggrecan macromolecules that are important to the understanding of cartilage behavior.

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				L. Han, D. Dean, P. Mao, C. Ortiz, and A. J. Grodzinsky Nanoscale Shear Deformation Mechanisms of Opposing Cartilage Aggrecan Macromolecules Biophys. J., September 1, 2007; 93(5): L23 - L25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]