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Measuring the Adsorption of Fatty Acids to Phospholipid Vesicles by Multiple Fluorescence Probes

Jeffrey R. Simard ^* , Frits Kamp  and James A. Hamilton ^*

^* Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118; and Department of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Research, Institute of Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, D-80336 Munich, Germany

Correspondence: Address reprint requests to James A. Hamilton, Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118. Tel.: 1-617-638-5048; Fax: 1-617-638-4041; E-mail: jhamilt{at}bu.edu.

Fatty acids (FA) are important nutrients that the body uses to regulate the storage and use of energy resources. The predominant mechanism by which long-chain fatty acids enter cells is still debated widely as it is unclear whether long-chain fatty acids require protein transporters to catalyze their transmembrane movement. We use stopped-flow fluorescence (millisecond time resolution) with three fluorescent probes to monitor different aspects of FA binding to phospholipid vesicles. In addition to acrylodan-labeled fatty acid binding protein, a probe that detects unbound FA in equilibrium with the lipid bilayer, and cis-parinaric acid, which detects the insertion of the FA acyl chain into the membrane, we introduce fluorescein-labeled phosphatidylethanolamine as a new probe to measure the binding of FA anions to the outer membrane leaflet. We combined these three approaches with measurement of intravesicular pH to show very fast FA binding and translocation in the same experiment. We validated quantitative predictions of our flip-flop model by measuring the number of H⁺ delivered across the membrane by a single dose of FA with the probe 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl) quinolinium. These studies provide a framework and basis for evaluation of the potential roles of proteins in binding and transport of FA in biological membranes.