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Biophys. J. BioFAST: First Published November 11, 2005. doi:10.1529/biophysj.105.074203
© 2005 by the Biophysical Society.

A more recent version of this article appeared on January 1, 2006.
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BIOPHYSICAL LETTERS

Mechanics of Enveloped Virus Entry into Host Cells

Sean Sun 1* and Denis Wirtz 1

1 Johns Hopkins University

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ssun{at}jhu.edu.

Submitted on September 10, 2005
Revised on October 17, 2005
Accepted on 1 November 2005


  Abstract
Viruses such as HIV enters T-lymphocytes and macrophages by first establishing a contact region at the surface of the cell. The contact is stabilized by the formation of receptor-ligand complexes between the cell and the virus. We show that the favorable contact energy between the virus and the cell, stemming from the formation of the receptor complexes in the interaction zone, is sufficient to drive the engulfment of the viral particle by the cell prior to membrane fusion and infection. Using a simple continuum model, the relevant energies associated with the cell membrane and cytoskeletal deformation can be estimated analytically. The equilibrium engulfment depth, and the forces driving the engulfment, are simple functions of the virus size and the complex formation energy. Resistance to engulfment is dominated by the deformation of the cytoskeleton. The time scale of the engulfment process is likely to be limited by the slow formation of the receptor-ligand complexes.

Key Words: Cell Adhesion, Cytoskeleton, HIV-1 Virus, Mechanics, Theoretical Model




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Copyright © 2005 by the Biophysical Society.