SPECTROSCOPY, IMAGING, OTHER TECHNIQUES |
Measuring the adsorption of fatty acids to phospholipid vesicles by multiple fluorescence probes
Jeffrey R. Simard 1, Frits Kamp 2 and James A. Hamilton 1*
1 Boston University School of Medicine
2 Ludwig Maximilian University
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jhamilt{at}bu.edu.
Submitted on September 4, 2007
Revised on October 8, 2007
Accepted on 21 December 2007
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Abstract |
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Fatty acids (FA) are important nutrients that the body uses to regulate the storage and use of energy resources. The predominant mechanism by which long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) enter cells is still widely debated as it is unclear whether LCFA require protein transporters to catalyze their transmembrane movement. Here we use stopped-flow fluorescence (msec time resolution) with three fluorescent probes to monitor different aspects of FA binding to phospholipid vesicles. In addition to ADIFAB, a probe which detects unbound FA in equilibrium with the lipid bilayer, and cis-parinaric acid, which detects the insertion of the FA acyl chain into the membrane, we introduce fluorescein-labeled phosphatidylethanolamine (FPE) as a new probe to measure the binding of FA anions to the outer membrane leaflet. We combined these three approaches with measurement of intravesicular pH to demonstrate very fast FA binding and translocation in the same experiment. We validated quantitative predictions of our flip-flop model by measuring the number of H+ delivered across the membrane by a single dose of FA with the probe 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl) quinolinium (SPQ). These studies provide a framework and basis for evaluation of the potential roles of proteins in binding and transport of FA in biological membranes.
Key Words:
ADIFAB, DHPE, FPE, cis-parinaric acid, flip-flop, membrane transport
