Elasticity, Strength, and Water Permeability of Bilayers that Contain Raft Microdomain-Forming Lipids

¹ University of British Columbia
² Duke University Medical Center

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: evans{at}physics.ubc.ca.

Submitted on September 10, 2007
Revised on October 18, 2007
Accepted on 21 February 2008

	Abstract

Bilayers composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), and cholesterol (CHOL) are commonly used as systems to model the raft-lipid domain structure believed to compartmentalize particular cell membrane proteins. In this work, micropipette aspiration of giant unilamellar vesicles has been used to test the elasticities, water permeabilities, and rupture tensions of single component PC, binary 1:1 PC:CHOL and 1:1 SM:CHOL, and ternary 1:1:1 PC:SM:CHOL bilayers, one set of measurements with dioleoyl PC (DOPC; C18:1/C18:1 PC) and the other with stearoyloleoyl PC (SOPC; C18:0/C18:1 PC). Defining the elastic moduli (K_A), the initial slopes of the increase in tension () versus stretch in lipid surface area (_e) were determined for all systems at low (15 °C) and high (32 - 33 °C) temperatures. The moduli for the single component PC and binary phospholipid:CHOL bilayers followed a descending hierarchy of stretch resistance with SM:CHOL > SOPC:CHOL > DOPC:CHOL > PC with lower values at the high temperature. While also much less compressible than the single component PC bilayers, the elastic response of vesicle bilayers made from the ternary phospholipid:CHOL mixtures showed an abrupt downward break (discontinuity) in slope when immediately subjected to a steady ramp of tension at the low temperature (15 °C). However, the discontinuities in elastic stretch resistance at low temperature vanished when the bilayers were held at ~ 1 mN/m prestress for long times prior to a tension ramp and when tested at the higher temperature 32 - 33 °C. The elastic moduli of single component PC and DOPC:CHOL bilayers changed very little with temperature, whereas the moduli of the binary SOPC:CHOL and SM:CHOL bilayers diminished markedly with increase in temperature as did the ternary SOPC:SM:CHOL system. For all systems, increasing temperature monotonically increased the water permeability but decreased rupture tension. Concomitantly, the measurements of permeability exhibited a prominent correlation with the rupture tension across all the systems. Together, these micro-mechanical tests of binary and ternary phospholipid:CHOL bilayers demonstrate that PC hydrocarbon-chain unsaturation and temperature are major determinants of the mechanical and permeation properties of membranes composed of raft microdomain-forming lipids.

Key Words: Membrane mechanical and permeability properties, cholesterol, lipid rafts, sphingomyelin

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