Role of GAP-43 in Sequestering Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate (PIP2) to Raft Bilayers
Jihong Tong 1, Lam Nguyen 1, Adriana Vidal 1, Sidney A. Simon 1, J. H. Pate Skene 1 and Thomas J. McIntosh 1*
1 Duke University Medical Center
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: t.mcintosh{at}cellbio.duke.edu.
Submitted on April 10, 2007
Revised on May 7, 2007
Accepted on 27 August 2007
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Abstract |
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The lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is critical for a number of physiological functions, and its presence in membrane microdomains (rafts) appears to be important for several of these spatially localized events. However, lipids like PIP2 that contain polyunsaturated hydrocarbon chains are usually excluded from rafts, which are enriched in phospholipids (such as sphingomyelin) containing saturated or monounsaturated chains. Here we tested a mechanism by which multivalent PIP2 molecules could be transferred into rafts through electrostatic interactions with polybasic cytoplasmic proteins, such as GAP-43, which bind to rafts via their acylated N-termini. We analyzed the interactions between lipid membranes containing raft microdomains and a peptide (GAP-43P) containing the linked N-terminus and the basic effector domain of GAP-43. In the absence or presence of non-acylated GAP-43P, PIP2 was found primarily in detergent soluble membranes (DSMs) thought to correspond to non-raft microdomains. However, when GAP-43P was acylated by palmitoyl Coenzyme A, both the peptide and PIP2 were greatly enriched in detergent resistant membranes (DRMs) that correspond to rafts; acylation of GAP-43P changed the free energy of transfer of PIP2 from DSMs to DRMs by 1.3 kcal/mol. Confocal microscopy of intact giant unilamellar vesicles verified that in the absence of GAP-43P PIP2 was in non-raft microdomains, whereas acylated GAP-43P laterally sequestered PIP2 into rafts. These data indicate that sequestration of PIP2 to raft microdomains could involve interactions with acylated basic proteins such as GAP-43.
Key Words:
Acylation, Bilayer Organization, Confocal Microscopy, Detergent resistant membranes, Microdomains, Rafts
